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Further information:, andIn the 8th century BC the migrated to the area in retreat from advances, of whom the latter also migrated to the region. Contemporaneously, and possibly because of the migration, the region came within the sphere of Greek maritime interest and became the site of. The most important Greek city was at the edge of today's Sevastopol.The Persian, under, expanded to Crimea as part of against the in 513 BC.The peninsula, then under the control of the, later became a client kingdom of the in 63 BC.Medieval historyIn the 9th century CE, Byzantium established the to defend against incursions by the. The Crimean peninsula from this time was contested between Byzantium, Rus'.
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The area remained the site of overlapping interests and contact between the early medieval Slavic, Turkic and Greek spheres. It became a center of. Were sold to Byzantium and other places in Anatolia and the Middle-East during this period.Mongol Conquest (1238-1449)Trapezuntine had already been subjected to pressure from the Genoese and Kipchaks by the time died in 1222 before the began its western sweep through in 1223. With them, control of the peninsula changed in 1238, as all but the Perateia of Crimea was incorporated into the territory of the Golden Horde throughout the 14th century CE. In the course of the 13th century CE, portions were controlled by the and by the, the Perateia soon became the and, respectively.Crimean Khanate (1449–1783).
See also:, andFollowing the, the military and political situation in Crimea was chaotic like that in much of Russia. During the ensuing, Crimea changed hands numerous times and was for a time a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik. The controlled Crimea before remnants were finally driven out by the in November 1920. It was in Crimea that the White Russians led by made their last stand against and the Red Army. When resistance was crushed, many of the anti-Communist fighters and civilians escaped by ship to. Between 56,000 and 150,000 of the Whites were murdered as part of the, organized by.Soviet Union (1921–1991). The ' at the in Crimea:, and.During the the peninsula was by and in summer 1941 across the.
Following the on 4 July 1942, Crimea was occupied until German and Romanian forces were expelled in an by Soviet forces ending in May 1944. The Nazis around 40,000 Crimean Jews. Region in Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1945–1954)On 25 June 1946, it was downgraded to the Crimean Oblast, and the for alleged collaboration with the forces. A total of more than 230,000 people – about a fifth of the total population of the Crimean Peninsula at that time – were deported, mainly to. 14,300 Greeks, 12,075 Bulgarians, and about 10,000 Armenians were also expelled.Region in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1954–1991).
Main article:On 19 February 1954, the Presidium of the of the USSR issued. This Supreme Soviet Decree states that this transfer was motivated by 'the commonality of the economy, the proximity, and close economic and cultural relations between the Crimean region and the Ukrainian SSR'. At that time no vote or referendum took place, and Crimean population had no say in the transfer (also typical of other Soviet border changes). After the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, doubts have been expressed - from the Russian side by all means, but even by Western historians (Richard Sakwa, 'Frontline Ukraine. Crisis In the Borderlands', 2015) - about the very legitimacy of the 1954 transition of Crimea to Ukraine; in the critics' view the transition contradicted even the Soviet law.In post-war years, Crimea thrived as a, with new attractions and sanatoriums for tourists.
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Tourists came from all around the Soviet Union and neighbouring countries, particularly from the. In time the peninsula also became a major tourist destination for cruises originating in Greece and Turkey. Crimea's infrastructure and manufacturing also developed, particularly around the sea ports at and and in the oblast's landlocked capital,. Populations of and alike doubled, with more than 1.6 million Russians and 626,000 Ukrainians living on the peninsula by 1989. Ukrainian Republic ( de jure since 1991, de facto 1991–2014). See also:In January 1991, in the Crimean Oblast, and voters approved restoring the. However, after the less than a year later, the was formed as a constituent entity of independent Ukraine, with a slight majority of Crimean voters approving Ukrainian independence in a December referendum.
On 5 May 1992, the Crimean legislature declared conditional independence, but a referendum to confirm the decision was never held amid opposition from: elected president of Crimea, was replaced by Kiev appointed, which was done with the intent to rein in Crimean aspirations of autonomy. The, the parliament of Crimea, voted to grant Crimea 'extensive home rule' during the dispute.acknowledged Ukrainian integrity.The of the took place on 31 October 2010 and was won by the. On 15 March 2014, the of Ukraine officially dissolved the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea, and, on 17 March 2014, one day before the Russian annexation of Crimea, the was established in place of the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea.Russian Federation ( de facto since 2014). June 2015: Tourists in Crimea with flyingAfter the and the flight of Ukrainian President from on 21 February 2014, Russian President, stated to colleagues that 'we must start working on returning Crimea to Russia.' Within days, unmarked forces with local militias took over the and, as well as occupying several localities in on the, which is geographically a part of Crimea. A on joining Crimea with Russia was supported by a majority of voters according to official counts; it was boycotted by many loyal to Ukraine, and denounced as illegitimate by Western governments.
The UN General Assembly approved a declaring the vote illegal and invalid. Russian President signed a treaty of accession with the self-declared, annexing it into the as two federal subjects: the and the federal city of. Though Russia had control over the peninsula, sovereignty as and the majority of the international community consider the annexation illegal, as was shown by the adopting a non-binding calling upon states not to recognise changes to the integrity of Ukraine. Parade in, in May 2019.Since 2014 the Russian government has invested heavily in the peninsula's infrastructure—repairing roads, modernizing hospitals and building the that links the peninsula to the Russian mainland. New sources of water are trying to be developed, with huge difficulties, to replace closed Ukrainian sources.In 2017 the Russian government also began modernising the, which opened its new terminal in April 2018.Russia provides electricity to Crimea via a cable beneath the Kerch Strait. In June 2018 there was a full electrical outage for all of Crimea, but the power grid company Rosseti reported to have fixed the outage in approximately one hour.On 28 December 2018, Russia completed a high-tech security fence marking the de facto border between Crimea and Ukraine. LanguagesAccording to Article 10 of the, there are three official languages in the republic:,.
However, in practice, Russian is by far the main language.The history of Crimea is complex as it lies at a conjunction of European and Asian peoples, with a mosaic of distinct and affiliated ethnic communities. Further information:Covering an area of 27,000 km 2 (10,425 sq mi), Crimea is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea and on the western coast of the; the only land border is shared with Ukraine's on the north. Crimea is almost an island and only connected to the continent by the, a strip of land about 5–7 kilometres (3.1–4.3 mi) wide.Much of the natural border between the Crimean Peninsula and the Ukrainian mainland comprises the or 'Rotten Sea', a large system of shallow lagoons stretching along the western shore of the Sea of Azov. Besides the, the peninsula is connected to the Kherson Oblast's by bridges over the narrow Chonhar and straits and over Kerch Strait to the.
The northern part of is administratively part of Henichesk Raion in Kherson Oblast, including its two rural communities of. The eastern tip of the Crimean peninsula comprises the, separated from on the Russian mainland by the, which connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Azov, at a width of between 3–13 kilometres (1.9–8.1 mi).Geographers generally divide the peninsula into three zones:, and.Places.
Places in CrimeaGiven its long history and many conquerors, most towns in Crimea have several names.West: The //, about 7 km (4 mi) wide, connects Crimea to the mainland. It was often fortified and sometimes garrisoned by the Turks. The now crosses it to bring water from the Dnieper. To the west separates the from the mainland. On the north side of the peninsula is /Kalos.
On the south side is the large Bay and the port and ancient Greek settlement of Eupatoria//Kerkinitis/Gozleve. The coast then runs south to /, a good natural harbor, great naval base and the largest city on the peninsula.
At the head of stands /Kalamita. South of Sevastopol is the small.South: In the south, between the and the sea runs a narrow coastal strip which was and (after 1475) by the Turks. Under Russian rule it became a kind of. In Soviet times the many palaces were replaced with and health resorts. From west to east are:; /Symbalon/Cembalo, a smaller natural harbor south of Sevastopol;, the southernmost point; with the;;;;.
Further east is /Sougdia/Soldaia with its Genoese fort. Further east still is Kaffa/Theodosia/, once a great and a kind of capital for the Genoese and Turks. Unlike the other southern ports, Feodosia has no mountains to its north. At the east end of the 90 km (56 mi) is /, once the capital of the. Just south of Kerch the new (opened in 2018) connects Crimea to the.Sea of Azov: There is little on the south shore.
The west shore is marked by the. Behind it is the or 'Putrid Sea', a system of lakes and marshes which in the far north extend west to the Perekop Isthmus. Road- and rail-bridges cross the northern part of Syvash.Interior: Most of the former capitals of Crimea stood on the north side of the mountains. /Doros (Gothic, Theodoro). (1532-1783).Southeast of Bakhchisarai is the cliff-fort of /Qirq Or which was used in more warlike times. /Ak-Mechet, the modern capital.
/Bilohorsk was a commercial center. Solkhat/ was the old Tatar capital. Towns on the northern steppe area are all modern, notably, a major road- and rail-junction.Rivers: The longest is the which rises southeast of Simferopol and flows north and northeast to the Sea of Azov.
The flows west to reach the Black Sea between Eupatoria and Sevastopol. The shorter flows west to Sevastopol Bay.Nearby: East of the Kerch Strait the Ancient Greeks founded colonies at (at the head of ), (later Tmutarakan and ), (later a Turkish port and now Anapa). At the northeast point of the Sea of Azov at the mouth of the Don River were, Azak/ and now.
North of the peninsula the Dnieper turns westward and enters the Black Sea through the east-west which also receives the Bug River. At the mouth of the Bug stood. At the mouth of the estuary is. Stands where the coast turns southwest. Further southwest is /Akkerman/. The in the background and as seen from the.The terrain that lies south of the sheltering Crimean Mountain range is of an altogether different character.
Here, the narrow strip of coast and the slopes of the mountains are smothered with greenery. This 'riviera' stretches along the southeast coast from capes and, in the south, to Feodosiya. It is studded with summer sea-bathing resorts such as,. During the years of rule, the resorts and of this coast served as prime perquisites of the politically loyal. why here? In addition, vineyards and fruit orchards are located in the region.
Fishing, mining, and the production of are also important. Numerous Crimean Tatar villages, mosques, and palaces of the Russian imperial family and nobles are found here, as well as picturesque ancient Greek and medieval castles.The Crimean Mountains and the southern coast are part of the ecoregion. The natural vegetation consists of scrublands, woodlands, and forests, with a climate and vegetation similar to the.Climate.
Crimea's south coast has a subtropical climateCrimea is located between the and belts and is characterized by warm and sunny weather. It is characterized by diversity and the presence of microclimates. The northern parts of Crimea have a moderate with short, mild winters and moderately hot dry summers. In the central and mountainous areas the climate is transitional between the continental climate to the north and the to the south. Winters are mild at lower altitudes (in the foothills) and colder at higher altitudes.
Summers are hot at lower altitudes and warm in the mountains. A subtropical, Mediterranean climate dominates the southern coastal regions, is characterized by mild winters and moderately hot, dry summers.The climate of Crimea is influenced by its geographic location, relief, and influences from the. The Crimean coast is shielded from cold air masses coming from the north and, as a result, has milder winters. Maritime influences from the Black Sea are restricted to coastal areas; in the interior of the peninsula the maritime influence is weak and does not play an important role. Because a high-pressure system is located north of Crimea in both summer and winter, winds predominantly come from the north and northeast year-round. In winter these winds bring in cold, dry continental air, while in summer they bring in dry and hot weather.
Winds from the northwest bring warm and wet air from the Atlantic Ocean, causing precipitation during spring and summer. As well, winds from the southwest bring very warm and wet air from the subtropical latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean sea and cause precipitation during fall and winter.Mean annual temperatures range from 10 °C (50.0 °F) in the far north to 13 °C (55.4 °F) in the far south. In the mountains, the mean annual temperature is around 5.7 °C (42.3 °F). For every 100 m (330 ft) increase in altitude, temperatures decrease by 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) while precipitation increases. In January mean temperatures range from −3 °C (26.6 °F) in Armiansk to 4.4 °C (39.9 °F) in. Cool-season temperatures average around 7 °C (44.6 °F) and it is rare for the weather to drop below freezing except in the mountains, where there is usually snow. In July mean temperatures range from 15.4 °C (59.7 °F) in to 23.4 °C (74.1 °F) in the central parts of Crimea to 24.4 °C (75.9 °F) in Myskhor.
The frost-free period ranges from 160–200 days in the steppe and mountain regions to 240–260 days on the south coast.Precipitation in Crimea varies significantly based on location; it ranges from 310 millimetres (12.2 in) in to 1,220 millimetres (48.0 in) at the highest altitudes in the Crimean mountains. The Crimean mountains greatly influence the amount of precipitation present in the peninsula. However, most of Crimea (88.5%) receives 300 to 500 millimetres (11.8 to 19.7 in) of precipitation per year. The plains usually receive 300 to 400 millimetres (11.8 to 15.7 in) of precipitation per year, increasing to 560 millimetres (22.0 in) in the southern coast at sea level. The western parts of the Crimean mountains receive more than 1,000 millimetres (39.4 in) of precipitation per year.
Snowfall is common in the mountains during winter.Most of the peninsula receives more than 2,000 sunshine hours per year; it reaches up to 2,505 sunshine hours in Karabi–Yayla in the Crimean mountains. As a result, the climate favors recreation and tourism. Because of its climate and subsidized travel-packages from Russian state-run companies, the southern Crimean coast has remained a popular resort for Russian tourists. Strategic value.
Map of the (shown in purple) connecting with via. The major centers of - itself, and - arose along this route.The Black Sea ports of Crimea provide quick access to the, and Middle East., possession of the southern coast of Crimea was sought after by most empires of the greater region since antiquity (, ).The nearby is a major waterway and transportation route that crosses the European continent from north to south and ultimately links the Black Sea with the, of strategic importance since the historical. The Black Sea serves as an economic thoroughfare connecting the region and the to central and Eastern Europe.According to the, as of 2013 there were at least 12 operating merchant seaports in Crimea. Tourism is an important sector of Crimea's economyIn 2016 Crimea had Nominal GDP of 7 billion and 3,000 per capita.The main branches of the modern Crimean economy are agriculture and fishing oysters pearls, industry and manufacturing, tourism, and ports. Industrial plants are situated for the most part in the southern coast (Eupatoria Sevastopol Feodosia Kerch) regions of the republic, few northern (Armyansk Krasnoperekopsk Dzhankoj), aside from the central area, mainly Simferopol okrug and eastern region in Nizhnegorsk (few plants, same for Dzhankoj) city. Important industrial cities include, housing a major railway connection, and, among others.After the Russian annexation of Crimea in early 2014 and subsequent sanctions targeting Crimea, the tourist industry suffered major losses for two years.
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The flow of holidaymakers dropped 35 percent in the first half of 2014 over the same period of 2013. The number of tourist arrivals reached a record in 2012 at 6.1 million. According to the Russian administration of Crimea, they dropped to 3.8 million in 2014, and rebounded to 5.6 million by 2016.The most important industries in Crimea include food production, chemical fields, mechanical engineering, and metalworking, and fuel production industries.
Sixty percent of the industry market belongs to food production. There are a total of 291 large industrial enterprises and 1002 small business enterprises.Agriculture in the region includes cereals, vegetable-growing, gardening, and, particularly in the Yalta and regions. Livestock production includes cattle breeding, poultry keeping, and sheep breeding. Other products produced on the Crimean Peninsula include salt, and (found around ) since ancient times.In 2014, the republic's annual GDP was $4.3 billion (500 times smaller than the size of Russia's economy). The average salary was $290 per month. The was $1.5 billion.
EnergyCrimea also possesses several both and, which were starting to be drilled by western oil and gas companies before annexation. The inland fields are located in and, while offshore fields are located in the western coast in the Black Sea and in the northeastern coast in the Azov Sea: NameTypeLocationReserves21 billion m 3The republic also possesses two: one onshore, the in, and one offshore, the in the Black Sea.ElectricityCrimea has 540 MW of its own electricity generation capacity including Simferopol Thermal Power Plant (100 MW), Sevastopol Thermal Power Plant (22 MW) and Kamish-Burunskaya Thermal Power Plant (19 MW). This is insufficient for local consumption and since annexation by Russia, Crimea is reliant on an underwater power cable to mainland Russia.Building and near start up are two combined cycle gas steam turbo thermal plants PGU, both 470 MW (116 167 MW GT, 235 MW block), build (plant) by TPE along others and turbines by Power Machines (UTZ KalugaTZ?), NPO Saturn with Perm PMZ, either GTD-110M modified or GTE-160 or 180 units or UTZ KTZ or a V94.2 bought by MAPNA, modified in Russian plants for PGU Thermal plants specifics. Also many solar photovoltaic SES plants lie along the peninsula (north of Sevastopol too, a smaller facility). Also gas thermal Saki plant close to Jodobrom chemical plant and SaKhZ(SaChP) boosted production with Perm GTE GTU25P (PS90GP25 25 MW aeroderivative GP) PGU turbogenerators. Older plants are Sevastopol TEC (close to Inkerman) which use AEG and Ganz Elektro turbines and turbogenerators about 25 MW each, Sinferopol TEC (north, in Agrarne locale) Eupatoria, Kamysh Burun TEC (Kerch south - Zaliv) and few others.Infrastructure.
Main article:In May 2015, work began on a multibillion-dollar road-rail link (a pair of parallel bridges) across the Kerch Strait. The road bridge opened in May 2018, and the rail bridge opened in December 2019. With a length of 19 km, it is the longest bridge in Europe, as it overcame in.Public transportationAlmost every settlement in Crimea is connected with another settlement by bus lines.
Crimea contains the longest (96 km or 59 mi) in the world, stretching from Simferopol to Yalta. The trolleybus line starts near 's Railway Station (in Soviet times it started near ) through the mountains to and on to Yalta. The length of line is about 90 km and passengers are assigned a seat.
It was founded in 1959.Railroad lines running through Crimea include —Kerch (with a link to Feodosiya), and —Sevastopol (with a link to Yevpatoria), connecting Crimea to the Ukrainian mainland.International airport. 's new terminal opened in from April 2018 with the ability to handle 6.5 million passengers a year. Mosque and yard in the Khan Palace inThe development of Crimea as a holiday destination began in the second half of the 19th century.
The development of the transport networks brought masses of tourists from central parts of the.At the beginning of the 20th century, a major development of palaces, villas, and dachas began—most of which remain. These are some of the main attractions of Crimea as a tourist destination. There are many about famous touristic places, which attract the attention of tourists.A new phase of tourist development began when the Soviet government realised the potential of the healing quality of the local air, lakes and therapeutic muds. It became a 'health' destination for Soviet workers, and hundreds of thousands of Soviet tourists visited Crimea.is a former on the in the town of, near, established in 1925. By 1969 it had an area of 3.2 km², and consisted of 150 buildings. Unlike most of the young pioneer camps, Artek was an all-year camp, due to the warm climate. Artek was considered to be a privilege for Soviet children during its existence, as well as for children from other communist countries.
During its heyday, 27,000 children a year vacationed at Artek. Between 1925 and 1969 the camp hosted 300,000 children.
After the breaking up of the in 1991 its prestige declined, though it remained a popular vacation destination.In the 1990s, Crimea became more of a get-away destination than a 'health-improvement' destination. The most visited areas are the south shore of Crimea with cities of Yalta and Alushta, the western shore – Eupatoria and Saki, and the south-eastern shore – Feodosia and Sudak.According to, Crimea was among the top 20 travel destinations in 2013.Places of interest include. Main article:Following Russia's largely unrecognized annexation of Crimea, the, the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and several other countries (including Ukraine) imposed against Russia, including some specifically targeting Crimea. Many of these sanctions were directed at individuals—both Russian and Crimean. In general they prohibit the sale, supply, transfer, or export of and technology in several sectors, including services directly related to tourism and infrastructure.
They list seven ports where cannot dock. Sanctions against individuals include travel bans and asset freezes. And temporarily stopped service in Crimea in December 2014. The Russian national payment card system now allows Visa and MasterCard cards issued by Russian banks to work in Crimea.
The operated by the operates in Crimea as well as Master Card and Visa. However, there are no major international banks in the Crimea. Concert to mark the fifth anniversary of in Sevastopol, Crimea, March 2019The politics of Crimea is that of the on one hand, and that of the of on the other. Since becoming the 84th and 85th Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation in 2014, both have strongly supported in both local and.At the most recent, won 70 of the 75 seats in the based on just over 70% of the vote. Despite calls from local for a boycott of the elections, turnout was over 53% which compared well with elections in other regions of Russia.
Following the election, became: he had previously been Acting Head from 14 April 2014. United Russia is also the leading party in the having won 22 of the 24 seats at the last election. The is who was first appointed on 28 July 2016 following the resignation of, and on 71% of the vote on 10 September 2017.maintained its position as the most supported political party across Crimea at the, achieving 72.8% of the vote. At 49.1%, turnout was slightly ahead of that for Russia as a whole which was only 47.8%.At the, secured 92% of the vote in Crimea compared to 77% across Russia as a whole. The near YaltaAccording to the 2014 Russian census, 84% of Crimean inhabitants named as their native language; 7.9% –; 3.7% –; and 3.3% –. It was the first official census in Crimea since a Ukrainian-held census in 2001.According to the 2001 census, 77% of Crimean inhabitants named as their native language; 11.4% – Crimean Tatar; and 10.1% – Ukrainian. In 2013, however, the Crimean Tatar language was estimated to be on the brink of extinction, being taught in Crimea only in around 15 schools at that point.
Turkey provided the greatest support to Tatars in Ukraine, which had been unable to resolve the problem of education in their mother tongue in Crimea, by bringing the schools to a modern state.Ethnic composition of Crimea's population has changed dramatically since the early 20th century. The 1897 for the reported: 196,854 (13.06%) Crimean Tatars, 404,463 (27.94%) Russians and 611,121 (42.21%) Ukrainians. But these numbers included Berdyansky, Dneprovsky and Melitopolsky which were on mainland, not in Crimea. In Bakhchisaray Palace. Painting byvisited in 1820 and later wrote the poem.
Crimea was the background for 's seminal work, inspired by his 1825 travel. A series of 18 constitute an artistic telling of a journey to and through the Crimea, they feature romantic descriptions of the oriental nature and culture of the East which show the despair of an exile longing for the homeland, driven from his home by a violent enemy., the 19th-century marine painter of Armenian origin, who is considered one of the major artists of his era was born in and lived there for the most part of his life.
Many of his paintings depict the Black Sea. He also created battle paintings during the Crimean War.Crimean Tatar singer won the representing Ukraine with her song, about the historic deportation of Crimean Tatars in that year by Soviet authorities.According to the, broken in practice by Russian companies, Ukrainian “law on concert activities” only Ukrainian companies can organise concerts in Crimea. People at the music festival in 2007SportFollowing and subsequent in March 2014, the top football clubs withdrew from the. Some clubs registered to join the Russian leagues but the objected. Ruled that Crimean clubs could not join the Russian leagues but should instead be part of a Crimean league system. The is now the top professional football league in Crimea.A number of Crimean-born athletes have been given permission to compete for Russia instead of Ukraine at future competitions, including, the European javelin champion.
Due to Rebrik participates in tournaments as a 'neutral' athlete.
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